Adhesive applying apparatus



MaI'Ch 1958 c. F. SCHAEFER ,82

ADHESIVE APPLYING APPARATUS Filed May 18, 1956 .2 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR. (Miles I SCI/AEFEI? March 18, 1958 c. F. SCHAEFER 2,327,011

ADHESIVE APPLYING APPARATUS Fnedua 1a. 1956 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 United States Patent ADHESIVE APPLYING APPARATUS Charles F. Schaefer, Stratford, Conn.

Application May 18, 1956, Serial No. 585,847

Claims. (Cl. 118-249) The present invention relates to apparatus for applying adhesives, particularly rubber and other. cements containing solvents, to sheet or slab materials and to shaped articles cut from such materials.

An object of this invention is to provide apparatus for applying solvent containing cement to sheet or slab materials, or to shaped articles cut therefrom, having great differences in the thickness thereof, for example, relatively thin paper or cardboard sheets, representing the lower end of the range of thicknesses, as well as, thick slabs, cushions or mattresses of foam rubber, representing the upper end of the range of thicknesses.

Another object is to provide apparatus of the described character for applying solvent containing cement, which is stored in a tank, to sheet or slab materials, or to articles cut therefrom, which are fed under the tank, and wherein the apparatus is constructed and arranged to provide a relatively high free space or clearance under the tank thereby to facilitate the handling of the sheet or slab materials, and particularly of relatively small articles cut therefrom, as the latter are fed through the apparatus.

In an aspect of this invention, apparatus for applying a coating of solvent containing cement to sheet or slab materials includes one or more feed rollers over which the material to be coated is passed, and a coating unit positioned above the feed rollers and having a tank containing the cement, a rotatable tank roller in surface contact with the supply of cement in the tank and a rotatable transfer or coating roller receiving the cement from the tank roller and positioned to apply such cement to the upper surface of the material passing therebelow over the feed roller or rollers. Feed tables or conveyors are arranged in front and in back of the feed rollers to carry the sheet or slab material, or the shaped articles cut therefrom, to and from the feed rollers.

Apparatus for applying solvent containing cement to sheet or slab materials, or articles cut therefrom, have heretofore included only a tank containing the cement and a tank roller receiving cement fiom the tank and directly applying such cement to the surface to be coated. With such an arrangement, it is apparent that the portion of the tank roller effecting coating contact with the sheet or slab material can be disposed only a limited distance below the bottom of the tank so that a small and inadequate clearance is provided between the bottom of the tank and the sheet or slab material passing therebelow. Such inadequate clearance makes it impossible to apply solvent containing cement to thick slabs, cushions or mattresses of foam rubber, and also makes it difiicnlt to manually position relatively small shaped articles cut from sheet materials, for example, the insoles of shoes, as such articles are fed through the apparatus.

Further, many existing machines for applying solvent 2,827,011 Patented Mar. 18, 1958 However, such adjustment of the level of the feed rollers requires corresponding adjustment of the feed tables or conveyors carrying the material to be coated to and from the feed rollers if a desired positional relationship of the feed roller or rollers and the feed tables or conveyors is to be maintained.

In accordance with the present invention, the adjustment of the apparatus for applying solvent containing cement to sheet or slab materials in order to accommodate materials of different thicknesses is effected by moving the coating unit, consisting of the tank roller, the transfer roller and the supporting structure therefor, vertically with respect to the feed roller or rollers and the feed tables or conveyors which are maintained at their original levels that are most convenient and most suitable for the particular materials being coated.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the tank roller extends into the tank at the back of the latter, and the back edge of the tank acts as a scraper to control the thickness of the applied coating of solvent containing cement, while the tank is adjustably pivoted thereby to vary the clearance between the back edge of the tank and the surface of the tank roller for varying the controlled thickness of the applied coating.

Apparatus embodying the present invention is further characterized by the fact that the vertical adjustment of the coating unit for accommodating sheet or slab materials of different thicknesses is effected below the feed roller or rollers and the feed tables or conveyors thereby to simplify the overhead construction and provide improved visibility and access to the materials or articles being fed through the apparatus.

The above, and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent in the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment and modification thereof which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, and wherein:

Fig. 1 is a side elevational view of an apparatus embodying the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a fragmentary longitudinal sectional view showing the relationship between the rollers and tank of the coating unit in the apparatus of Fig. l;

Fig. 3 is a fragmentary front elevational view of a portion of the apparatus, as viewed along the line 3-3 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is a side elevational view of the apparatus of Fig. 1, but showing the opposite side thereof; and

Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic side elevational view of a modification of the apparatus of Figs. 1 to 4, inclusive.

Referring to the drawings in detail, and initially to Figs. 1 and 2 thereof, an apparatus embodying the present invention for applying solvent containing cement to sheet or slab materials, or to shaped articles cut there from, is there illustrated, by way of example, and generally identified by the reference numeral 10. The apparatus 16 includes a bed or frame 12 having horizontally extending, parallel side frame members 14 and 16 which are suitably joined together, for example, by cross members (not shown), and supported on legs 18.

Bearing supports 20 are mounted upon the side frame members 14 and 16 and, at their upper portions, carry bearings 22 in which the opposite ends of a shaft 24 are rotatably journaled. A feed roller 26 is mounted on theand a delivery conveyor 32. The feed-in conveyor 30 has laterally extending rollers 34 spaced apart in the direction of movement of the sheet or slab materials or,

articles through the apparatus, with only one of such rollers being shown (Fig. 1) and having its opposite ends journaleduin bearings-36 mounted on the forward faces of the bearing supports 20, and endless belts or an end-- lessfweb 38 traveling around the rollers 34. Similarly, the delivery conveyor 32 includes laterally extending rollers'40 and 42 (Fig. 1) which are journaled in bearings 44 and 46 mounted on the back faces of the bearing supports 22 and on extensions 48 of the side frame members 14 and16, respectively, and endless belts or an endless web 50 traveling around the rollers 40 and 42. a

' his to' be understood'that at least one of the rollers of each of the conveyors30 and 32 is rotatably driven so that the upper runs 'of the belts or webs 38 and 50 will move in .the same direction as the movement ofthe upper portion of the feed'roller 26, for example, from right to left in Fig. 1, as represented by the arrow 28 on the latter. Thus, a sheet or slab of material, or articles cut therefrom, to be coated, when placed upon the conveyor 3!], will be carried by thelatter to the feed roller 26, which acts on the material during the coating thereof, and, following the application of the solvent containing cement, the conveyor 32 will carry the cemented material away from the feed roller 26.

In order to apply'a solvent containing rubber cement or other solvent containing cement to sheet or slab materiahor tofarticles cut therefrom, during the advancement thereof by the'feed roller 26, the apparatus inand is adapted to i eludes a coating unit which is generally identified by the 7 reference numeral 52. The coating unit 52 has a tank or reservoir 54 containing the solvent rubber cement or thelike, a tank roller 56 receiving cement from the, tank, andfa coating or transferroller 58 receiving a controlled quantity of the cement from the tank roller and being positioned to apply such cement to the upper surfaces of the sheet'or slab materials orarticles being ad- 'vanced by the feed roller 26.

In accordance with the present invention, the tank 54 i and rollers 56 and 58 are mounted for vertical movement, as a unit,'relative'to the frame 12 so that, as the operating clearance'between the coating or transfer roller 58 and the feed roller;26 is increased or decreased, a correspondingchange occurs in the clearance between the bottom of thetank 54 andthe upper run of the belt- 38 of the f eed-in conveyor 30, Thus, the apparatus may be adjusted to accommodate sheet or slab materials having a wide range of thicknesses, for example, relatively thin sheets of paper or cardboard or" articles cut therefrom as well as slabs, cushions or mattresses of foam rubber having thicknesses as large as 4 to 6 inches.

In the illustrated apparatus 10 such vertical movement of the tank 54 and rollers 56 and 58,-as a unit, is achieved by providing a mounting therefor that includes support members 60 and 62 fixed on the upper ends of vertical jack screws 64 and 66, respectively. The jack screws 64 and 66 are vertically slidable in suitable guide members 68 and 70 depending from the side frame members 14 and 16, respectively, and an adjusting nut 72 is I threaded onr each of the jack screws (Fig. 3) and rests on a suitable thrust bearing 74 carried by the related guide member 68' or 70. 'In order to @fifl'. 'jQ- ing nut 72 has a worm wheel formed in the outer peripheral surface thereof and meshing with a worm 76 secured on a common laterally extending shaft 78. The shaft 78 is journaled, adjacent its opposite ends, in bearings carried by the guide members 68 and 70, respectively,

and a hand crank 80 is secured on one end of the shaft 78 at the outside of the adjacent side frame member to permit manual rotation of the shaft 78. Thus, the adjusting nuts 72 may be rotated jointly to effectv either raising or lowering of the support members 60 and 62, depending upon the direction of the rotation manually imparted to the shaft 78.

As seen in Figs. l, 2 and 4, the rollers56 and 58, which extend laterally between the support membersp60 and 62, are rotatably journaled, at their opposite ends, in bearings 82 and 84 carried by the support members and arranged on the latter so that the tank roller 56 will be disposed above the transfer or coating roller 58 with the axes of such rollers lying in substantially the same vertical plane and with the adjacent portions of the surfaces of the rollers being spaced apart (Fig. 2). by a small distance to permit the rotation of the rollers in the same direction, as indicated by the arrows appearing on such rollers in the several views of the drawing.

The tank 54 extends laterally between the support members 60 and 62 infront of the tank roller 56 and includes a bottom wall 86, upstanding side walls 88 and a front wall 90 of substantially equal height, and a relatively low, inclined back wall 92 (Fig. 2). The tank 54 is disposed relative to the tank roller 56 so that the surface of the latter projects forwardly over the edge of the inclined back Wall 92 to contact the body of solventcontaining cement 94 within the tank. With the described arrangement, and assuming clockwise rotation of the tank roller 56, as viewed in Fig. 2, the relatively low back wall 92, at its edge, will act as a scraper against the surface of the roller 56 to control the thickness of the coating of cement carried by the surface of the tank roller as it leaves the tank 54. a V

In accordance with the present invention, the tankl54 is pivotally mounted on the support members 68 and V 62 for angular movement about a laterally extending axis which is intermediate the front andback of the tank so that angular movement about such axis will varyrthe clearance between the edge of the back wall 92 and the surface of the tank roller 56 and thereby adjustably determine the controlled thickness of the coating or layerv of cement received by the tank roller.

In the illustrated apparatus 10, the desired pivotal mounting of thetank54 is achieved by providing ears 96 projecting upwardlylfrom the side Walls 88 at locations intermediate the .front and back of the tank, and pivots 98 carried by'the adjacent support members 60 and 62 and rotatably'received in suitable apertures in the cars 96. In'orderto control the-angular position of the tank 54 relative to the tank roller '56, each of the support members 60 and 62'is provided with a forwardlydirected lower extension 100 at alevel'below that of the bottomv 86 of the tank and extending laterally under the adjacent side edge portion of the tank. Positioning screws 102 are threaded: upwardly through 'the extensions'lilfl to bear, all their upper ends,1against the. underside of the tank 54 adjacenttlie front wall'90 of the latter. Further, each oftthe support members 60 and 62 is formed with a forwardly directedupper extension 104 at the top thereof 7 in a' plane that is disposed outwardly with respect to the adjacent side of the tank 54,- andteach extension 104 has an inwardly directed lug 106 projecting'from the forward end portion thereof and overlying the top edge of the An upper positioning screw 108 isthr'eaded downwardly through each of the lugs ,106 to hear, at its lower end, on the upper edge of the adjacent side wall 88 so that the tank 5 4 is held" in a predetermined angular position relative toithe tank roller 56 between the positioning screws 102 and 108. Suitable locking nuts may be provided on the screws 102 and 198 to prevent inadvertent changes in the adjustably determined angular position of the tank 54.

Preferably in an apparatus embodying the present invention, the conveyors 3i and 32, the feed roller 26, and the rollers 56 and 53 of the coating unit 52 are all driven from a single source. Thus, in the illustrated apparatus 10, an electric motor lltt'is provided with a pulley 112 secured to its shaft and driving a belt 114 which also runs around a pulley 116 secured on a drive shaft 118 which is rotatably mounted on the frame or bed 12. A spur gear 124 is also secured on the shaft 113 and meshes with another spur gear 122 secured to an end of the shaft 124 carrying the roller 34 of conveyor 30 which is journaled in the bearings St? on the front faces of the bearing supports 2%) (Fig. 4). The opposite end of the shaft 124 of roller 34 carries a drive sprocket 126 (Fig. 1), and the adjacent ends of the feed roller shaft 24 and of the roller 40 of conveyor 32 carry sprockets 128 and 130, respectively, to be driven by an endless chain 132 passing around the sprockets 126, 128 and 13%}, and around a tensi'oning sprocket 134. Thus, the conveyors 30 and 32 and the feed roller 2-8 are simultaneously driven from the rotated drive shaft 118.

The drive of the rollers 56 and 58 is derived from the rotation of the roller 44) of conveyor 32. For this purpose, a gear 136 (Fig. 4) is fixed on the end of roller 40 remote from the sprocket 13 3 and meshes with a gear 133 rotatable on a stub shaft 149 projecting from the adjacent bearing support 20. A sprocket 142 is also rotatable on the stub shaft 146 and is fixed to the gear 138 for rotation with the latter. The sprocket 142 drives an endless chain 144 that travels around a sprocket 146 on a journal at the adjacent end of the roller 53 and also around a tensioning sprocket 148. The tensioning sprocket 148 is rotatably mounted on one end 'of a lever 150 that is pivoted intermediate its ends, as at 152, on the side frame member 16. A tension spring 154 is connected between the side frame member 16 and the end of the lever 150 remote from the sprocket 148 to yieldably urge the lever 158 to rock in the clockwise direction, as viewed in Fig. 4, that is, in the direction for tensioning the endless chain 144. The arrangement described above makes it possible to drive the coating or transfer roller 58 from the roller 49 of the delivery conveyor 32 while permitting vertical adjustment of the coating unit 52 relative to the frame or bed 12, and hence relative to the feed roller and conveyors. As the sprocket 146 moves vertically with the coating unit 52 toward and away from the sprocket 142, the sprocket 143 is displaced about the pivot 152 of the lever 150 to maintain a substantially constant tension in the chain 144.

The tank roller 56 is driven from the transfer or coating roller 58 and, for this purpose, a sprocket 156 is fixed on the journal of the roller 58 remote from that carrying the sprocket 14s (Fig. l) and drives an endless chain 158 which also runs around a sprocket 16f fixed on the journal at the adjacent end of the tank roller 56. Thus, the roller 56 is driven from the roller 58 in the same rotational direction, that is, in the clockwise direction, as viewed in Figs. 1 and 2, so that there is a wiping or sliding action at the line of tangency between the rollers '6 and 58. Since the rollers 56 and 58 move in opposite directions at the line of tangency, some clearance is preferably maintained between their surfaces, as shown in Fig. 2, so that the wiping action will not remove all of the cement from the coating or transfer roller 58.

Although a particular arrangement has been illustrated and described herein for driving the conveyors 3t) and 32, the feed roller 2s and the rollers 56 and 58 of the coating unit 52, it is apparent that other arrangements may be provided for that purpose in a cement applying apparatus embodying the present invention.

t It will be apparent that, in any case, the rollers 56 and 58 are movable vertically with the tank 54, as a unit; relative to the frame or bed 12 thereby to vary the clearance between the coating or transfer roller 58 and the feed roller 26 and to similarly vary the clearance between the bottom of tank 54 and the upper run of the feed-in conveyor 30. Thus, when the coating or transfer roller 58 is raised to accommodate thick material to be coated between the rollers 26 and 58, it is certain that the clearance under the tank 54 will also be adequate for such material. Further, since the relative positions of the tank 54 and rollers 56 and 58 do not vary during such vertical adjustment of the coating unit 52, the conditions under which solvent containing cement is transferred to coating roller 58 will remain unchanged. It will also be noted that, in the apparatus embodying this invention, the edge of Wall 92 of the tank 54 performs the function of a scraper blade so that angular adjustment of the tank 54 is effective to vary the thickness of the coating of cement carried by the tank roller 56 out of the tank 54. It will be apparent that the rotation of the rollers 56 and 58 in the same direction causes any unused cement on the coating roller 58 to be picked up by the tank roller 56 and then returned, by the latter, into the tank 54. This feature is of particular importance in an apparatus for applying solvent containing cement since, if the unused cement remained on the surface of the coating roller 58, evaporation of the solvent from that relatively thin layer of cement would soon cause the latter to harden upon the surface of the coating roller. The above described return of the unused cement to the tank 54 for mixture with the body of solvent containing cement in the latter ensures the retention of the cement in a usable condition during long periods of operation.

Further, it will be seen that the provision of the coating or transfer roll 58 under the tank roller 56 totransfer cement from the latter to the surfaces of the sheets or articles to be coated makes it possible to provide, under all circumstances, a large clearance under the tank 34. This large clearance is particularly useful during the coating of relatively small articles, such as, insoles and the like cut from sheet materials, since such small articles must be manually positioned on the feed-in conveyor or table and the large clearance obtained, in accordance with the present invention, affords good visibility in the area of the feed roller 26 and space for the safe manual positioning of such small articles.

With reference to Fig. 5, which illustrates an arrangement of the apparatus embodying the present invention particularly suited for the application of rubber cement to relatively thin sheets of paper, cloth and cardboard, it will be seen that such sheet materials, or articles cut therefrom, are fed into the apparatus along a feed-in table 33a underlying the tank 54a. In applying solvent rubber cement to such relatively thin sheet materials or articles, the table 39a is disposed at a relatively high level, as shown, and a series of feed rollers 26a are provided between the feed-in table and the delivery conveyor 32a to hold the thin sheet materials or articles in contact with the coating or transfer roller 580 along a substantial portion of the periphery of the latter. Further, strippers 162 are preferably supported adjacent the coating roller 58a to strip the successive sheets or articles from the latter for discharge from the apparatus along the delivery conveyor. The provision of the coating or transfer roller 58a receiving the solvent cement from the tank roller 56a and making possible the positioning of the tank 54a at a relatively high level with respect to the portion of the surface of the coating roller 58a in cement applying contact with the successive sheet materials or articles is particularly advantageous in the case of a feed-in table disposed at a relatively high level, as in Fig. 5, since an adequate clearance still exists between the high feed-in table and the bottom of the tank to permit the manual positioning of the successive sheet materials or articles at the moment when such materials or articles f 7 areengagcd'bythe first of the series of feedrollers 26a. Although an illustrative embodiment of the invention and amodification-thereof have been described indetail herein and shown in the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to that precise-embodiment and modification, and that changes and further'modificatio'ns may be effected therein without" departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

What isfclaimed is: t

-l. An apparatus for applying a coating of solvent containing cement to lengths of sheet or slab materials or to articles cut therefrom; comprising a frame, rotated feed roller means on said frame for advancing material to be; coated along the latter, feed-in means for carrying material to be coated to said feed roller means, and a coating unit including a tank for solvent containing cement extending laterally across said frame above'the latter and having arrelatively low edge along one of thelaterally'extending sides thereof at a level below that of the cement in the tank, a rotated tank roller disposed above said feed roller means along said one laterally extending side of the tank and projecting into the latter with said edge of the tank adjacent to the surface of said tank roller so that said edge acts as a scraper to control the thickness of the coating of cement on said tank roller picked up from said tank, and a rotated coatingroller disposed vertically between said tank roller'and said feed roller means to receive cement from said tank roller and to transfer the received cement to the material being advanced by said feed roller meanswhile a relatively large clearance exists between the bottom of the tank and said feed-in means.

2 An apparatus for applying a coating of solvent containing cement to lengthsof sheet or slab materials or to articles cut therefrom; comprising a frame, rotated feed roller means on said frame for advancing material to be coated along the latter, feed-in means on said frame for carrying material to be coated to said feed roller means, and a coating unit including supporting means carried by said frame, a tank for solvent containing cement extending laterally across said frame above the latter and having a relatively low edge along one of the laterally extending sides thereof at a level below the level of cement in said tank, a tank roller mounted on said supporting means along said one laterally extending side 'of the tank and projecting into the latter over said rela tively low edge-to contact the cement in said tank, means movably mounting said tank. on said supporting means to vary the clearance between the surface of said tank roller and said low edge,-means rotating said tank roller in the direction moving the surface of the latter out of said tank past said low edge so that the latter acts as an adjustable scraper controlling the thickness of the coating of cement removed from the tank on said surface of the tank roller, and a rotated coatingroller mounted on said supporting means belowv said tank roller to receive the coating of cement from the surface of the latter and to transfer the received cement coating to material being advanced by said feed roller means while a relatively large clearance exists between thebottom of the tank and said feed-in means. t 3. An apparatus for applying a coating of solvent containing cement to lengths of sheet or slab materials or to articles cut therefrom; comprising a frame, rotated feed roller means on said frame for advancing material to be coated along the latter, feed-in means on said frame for carrying material to be coated'to said feed roller means, and a coating unit'including supporting rneansrcarried by said frame, a, tank for solvent containing cement extending laterally across said frame above the latter and having a relatively low edge along one of the laterally extending sides thereof at a level below the level of cement in said tank, a tank'roller mounted on said supporting means along said one laterally-exsupportingmeans to permit angular displacement of the tank relative to thelatter about a laterally extending axis spaced from said edge so that angular displacement-f said tank moves said low edge toward and, away from the surface of said tank roller, adjustable means angularly positioning said tank relative to said supporting means, means rotating said tank roller in the direction moving said surface of the latter out of the tank past said low edge so that the latter acts as an adjustable scraper controlling the thickness'of the coating'of ce-.

ment removed from the tank on said surface of the tank roller, and a rotated coating roller mounted on said supporting means below said tank roller to receive the coat ing of cement from the surface of the latter and to transfer the received cement coating to material being advanced by said feed roller means while a relatively large clearance exists between the bottom of the tank and said feed-in means. V

4. An apparatus for applying a coating of solvent containing cement to lengths of sheet or slab materials or to articles cut therefrom; comprising a frame, rotated feed roller means on said frame for advancing material to be coated along the latter, feed-in means on said frame for carrying material to be coated to said feed roller means, and a cfiating unit including supporting means carried by said frame, a tank for solvent containing cement extending laterally across said frame above the latter and having a relatively low edge along one of the laterally extending sides thereof at a level below the level of cement in said tank, a tank roller mounted on said supporting means along said one laterally extending side of the tank and projecting into the latter over: said relatively low edge to contact the cement in said tank, means movably mounting said tank on said supporting means to vary the clearance between the surface of said tank roller and said low edge, means rotating said tank roller in the direction moving the surface of the latter out of said tank past said low edge so that the latter acts as an adjustable scraper controlling the thickness .of the coating of cement removed from the tank on said surface of the tank roller, and a coating roller mounted on said supporting means below said tank rollerto receive the cement coating from the latter and to transfer the received cement coating to material being advanced 'by said feed roller means while a relatively large. clearance exists between the bottom of'the tank and said feed-in means, said coating roller being rotated in the same direction as said tank roller so that a wiping action occurs between the'surfaces of said tank, and coating.

rollers for returning unused cement from said coating roller to said tank by way of said tank roller.

5. An apparatus for applying a coating'oif solvent containing cement to lengths of sheet or slabmaterials or to articles cut therefrom; comprising a frame, rotated feed roller means on said frame for advancing material to be coated along the latter, feed-in meanson said frame for carrying material to be coated to said feed roller means, and a coating unit including supporting means carried by said frame, a tank for solvent containing. ce- 1 ment extending laterally across said frame above the latter and having a relatively low edge along one of the laterally extending sides thereof at a level belowsthe level of cement in said tank, a tank roller mounted on said supporting means along said one laterally extending side of the tank and projecting into the latter over said relatively low edge to contact the cement in said tank, means rotating said tank roller in the direction moving the sur face of the latter out of said tank past said low edge so thatthe latter acts as a scraper controlling the thickness of the coating of cement removed from the tank onsaid surface of the tank roller, a coating roller'mountedon said supportinglmeans below said tank roller to receive the cement coating from the latter and to transfer the received cement coating to material being advanced by said feed roller means while a relatively large clearance exists between the bottom of the tank and said feed-in means, and means rotating said coating roller in the same direction as said tank roller so that a wiping acfion occurs between said tank and coating rollers for returning unused cement from the latter to said tank by way of said tank roller.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Forte Apr. 21, 1914 Watkins Feb. 25, 1919 Case July 6, 1937 Rullo Mar. 18, 1952 Richmond et al Jan. 12, 1954 Schaefer Ian. 24, 1956 

